Article access – Complex I — Electron Free Energy to Proton Pump

A compact and rigorous course on the first energy conversion step of mitochondrial respiration.

This 10-page PDF explains how Complex I transforms electron free energy from NADH into the pumping of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, initiating the proton motive force.

Bridging thermodynamics, molecular structure, and physiology, this booklet provides a clear and quantitative understanding of one of the most fundamental processes in biology.