By studying the structure and function of the immune system, researchers can develop new insights and treatments to improve its ability to protect us from diseases.
A Brief Summary of the Latest Discoveries in Immunometabolism. Abstract : T cells are integral in mediating adaptive immunity to infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. Upon immune challenge, T cells exit from a quiescent state, followed by clonal expansion and effector differentiation. These processes are shaped by three established immune signals, namely antigen stimulation (Signal 1), costimulation (Signal 2), and cytokines (Signal 3). Emerging findings reveal that nutrients, including glucose, amino acids, and lipids, are crucial regulators of T cell responses and interplay with Signals 1–3, highlighting nutrients as Signal 4 to license T cell immunity. Here, we first summarize the functional importance of Signal 4 and the underlying mechanisms of nutrient transport, sensing, and signaling in orchestrating T cell activation and quiescence exit. We also discuss the roles of nutrients in programming T cell differentiation and functional fitness and how nutrients can be targeted to improve disease therapy. Understanding how T cells respond to Signal 4 nutrients in microenvironments will provide insights into context-dependent functions of adaptive immunity and therapeutic interventions.
Key messages : The evolutionary conservation of insulin signaling pathways and their impact on longevity, stress tolerance, and metabolic regulation. Primarily, insulin is a growth factor in invertebrates and a metabolic regulator in vertebrates. Evolutionarily, insulin's role can be seen as a key adaptation for energy management. The insulin/IGF signalling pathway has been shown to regulate growth, stress resistance, reproduction, and longevity in diverse organisms. Insulin facilitates glucose uptake by cells. Insulin helps organisms adapt to varying dietary conditions.
A Mediterranean diet combined with regular aerobic exercise, together with protein supplementation, can highly improve the metabolic parameters and anthropometric parameters of subjects with obesity and impaired glucose levels, ameliorating their health status and likely delaying the development of metabolic syndrome.
There were in that study statistically significant changes in total cholesterol, HDL-C (+52.3%), LDL-C (−54.0%), and TAG levels (−49.8%), but not in glucose plasma levels.
Adapting for health involves understanding your immune system's non-heritable and heritable response to various environmental factors. Through adaptation, your body can better defend against potential threats, keeping you healthy...
Immunosenescence: uncovering the Myths Immunosenescence is the decline of the immune system that occurs with age. As we age, our immune system becomes less effective at responding to new...
Your Immune System is the key to adaptation. We know so far that Immunity is the body’s natural ability to protect itself from harmful substances, such as pathogens (e.g.,...
Highlights. Patients with LCS show a consistent pattern of antiinflammatory molecules in blood plasma This proteomics and metabolomics pattern may serve for diagnostics and monitoring. Alternatively polarized macrophages may...
